"Mediterrâneo" vem da palavra latina "Mediterraneus" que significa "no meio das terras", com a junção de "medius" (meio, entre) e "terra".
A palavra "Mar" também vem do latim "mar" ou "maris", mas a sua origem remonta à raiz indo-europeia "mori" que significa laguna, estando presente em línguas de outras subfamílias indo-europeias: "meer" em alemão, "more" em russo ou "muir" em irlandês.
O mar Mediterrâneo tem sido conhecido por nomes diferentes através da história.
Os romanos chamavam-lhe "Mare Nostrum" (o nosso mar), dado que tinham conquistados todas as regiões à volta do mar Mediterrâneo. Ocasionalmente era apelidada de "Mare Internum" (mar interior).
Em árabe era chamado de "Al-Bahr Al-Abyad Al-Mutawassit" ou seja "mar branco do meio".
Em turco, mar diz-se "deniz" e o mar Mediterrâneo é chamado de "Akdeniz" (mar branco), isto porque antigamente os turcos designavam os pontos cardeais por cores.
"Ak" (branco) para o sul (o mar Mediterrâneo fica a sul da Turquia), "Kara" (negro) para o norte (neste caso a origem do mar Negro que fica a norte da Turquia), sendo que "Kizil" (vermelho) designava o oeste e "Yesil" (verde) o leste.
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